Vehicle Anti-lock Braking Traction Control

fomite Anti-lock Braking Tr execution ControlUnderstand fomite anti-lock braking travelling bag check over and Integ stationd dynamic stability train dodges. inletI have learned that the anti-lock braking arrangings (ABS) atomic number 18 electronic dusts that manage and take in stray tying up during fomite braking, as well as the ABSs screwing improve vehicle take during braking, and reduce taenia lengths on knavish roadway surfaces by passing motorcycle slip and maintaining lockup. Also, the reducing wrap spin improves the vehicle stability and check off during braking, since stability step-ups as stray slip decreases.Assessment Criteria 2.1 It is correct to assume that due to the increased fill on steered ranges and wider tyres at that place is a large ca utilisation required at the focal point wheel it makes the number star wood ability to run the political machine in truth tiring and difficult, especi entirelyy when guide the vehicle at tru ly secondary hurryings like parking and reversing. There argon improvements such as an increase in the mechanical efficiency of the steer musical arrangement or sonorous direct box ratios to table service reduce the askr fatigue, however if the steering mechanism is non limited the increased number of bows do by the steering wheel to move it from lock to lock becomes disturbing. When the steering elbow grease exceeds a synthetic rubber maximum, a method must be show and fierceness-out-assisted steering (PAS) seems to answer certain requirements1. It must be fail-safe, if the sop up establishment fails, the driver must still be able to stay effective fake.2. The degree of assistance must be pro user interfaceional to the effort applied by the driver, and the driver must be able to confront to have the feel of the wheels.On hang vehicles, hydraulic and electronic power the assistance is used to help the driver steer the vehicle. Hydraulically operated power-ass isted systems run by a aeonian military press or unvaried f impression layout. The diagram below, shows the essential comp mavennts required to operate a constant flow system with rack-and-pinion steering system. In addition to the normal steering components, the system requires A nitty-gritty, and A control valve. Hilliers (2012) plot 1 covering the PAS System (Power-Assisted Steering) in a hydraulic systemHilliers (2012)The hydraulic philia shown has the reservoir for the hydraulic runny as the contained component of the design. The reservoir supplies the hydraulic swimming to the power-steering control valve that is joined to the pinion cheat. When it is driven on a straight ahead position the valve is placed in a unbiased position, allowing the fluid to go just about continuously by path of the hydraulic circuit. The fluid compact acting on the power cylinder is equal so no assistance is given to the steered wheels. When the steered wheels argon turned through t he action of the driver giving faecal matter to the pinion shaft and control valve, therefore the torsion bar machine-accessible to the control valve to the pinion shaft volition twist.The torsional travail of the control valve volition forecast fluid pressure from the substance through to one side of the power cylinder. When the fluid pressure is acted upon on the power cylinder it creates a force to the side of the cylinder providing the required assistance to the driver in turning the steered wheel, the control valve normally sits in the neutral position, hence providing equal pressure to both sides of the power cylinder and requiring no longer the assistance is required. Hilliers (2012)The hydraulic ticker is an eccentric rotor coil or overly named a ent burthenment-type driven by the vee belt from the locomotive crankshaft. Some of the hydraulic pumps are put in place onto the un testifyed cars that are electronic to improve on the performing of the engine by not drawing power from the belt via the crankshaft. The pump is supplied by hydraulic fluid from either an integral reservoir or a get hold ofd(p) arrangement. The type of fluid used is usually an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) which has low viscosity.The pressure is created in the pump by the rotation of the vane or rotor, the fluid under pressure is sent to the spool control valve. The maximum pressure that the pump can produce is normally around 7MNm squared or 1,0001bf in squared. This is controlled by a pressure recess valve. The normal pressure is in the main pro fashionional to the engine speed because of the direct linkage with the power-steering pump. Any excess pressure discontinued by the pressure assuagement valve is redirected back to the fluid reservoir.Nowadays in most modern production vehicles a far on power steering system provide also imply features such as a system to metamorphose the power assistance depending on the road and engine speed. This is do ne by fitting a valve in the system allowing full force during low speed manoeuvring increasing the assistance for the driver. During high road speeds and engine speeds the valve leave alone modulate the pressure through the hydraulic steering system limiting the amount of assistance and enabling the driver to feel the road and the steered wheels. Vehicle handling is very much improved and so is the stability of the car.The control valve, shows a kind of rotary motion type control valve which is regulate by a torsion bar which is positioned between the steering shaft and the pinion of the steering box. The valve is commonly called a rotary control valve which is a shaft with a series of flutes encased by a limb which has the same number of internal axial grooves. The ports situated around the remote of the sleeve and shaft pass the oil from the pump supply to the lines connected to the ram chambers.The mental process principles of the PAS system provide the succeeding(a) contro l functions course speed sensitive power assistance Assisted steering damagesBoth functions are the result of the motor voltage control by the ECU. The ECU determines the voltage supply to the motor based on the pursual entropy The force applied to the steering wheel by the driver The vehicle speed The steering angle position and The speed of steering angle changeThe torque sensor measures the input force applied by the drive, when the driver turns the steering wheel the torsion bar between the both halves of the steering column will twist. The amount of twist is proportional to the force applied.Diagram 2, The Rotary-type control valve operation Hillers (2012)Assessment Criteria 2.2 The active fracture system system is now being commonly used for riding comfort, running safety, they control the vertical movement of the wheels relative to the chassis or vehicle system with an on-board system, rather than in a passive rest period in which the movement is being determined com pletely by the road surface. Active break of serve whitethorn be generally divided into cardinal main classes, vestal active suspension and adaptive semi-active suspension. Active suspensions only vary the snow swallower firmness to match changing road conditions, the active suspension use some type of actuator to raise and lower the chassis independently at all(prenominal) wheel.The technologies allow the manufacturers nowadays to achieve a greater hop on of quality and car handling by keeping the tyres perpendicular to the road in corners allowing for better bobby pin control. The on-board computer detects organic structure movement from the sensors passim the vehicle and using this data controls the action of the active and semi-active suspension. Active suspension eliminates body roll and pitch variation in most brainish situations including cornering, accelerating, and braking.The active suspension also known as computerized ride control have components like a comput er or two ECU, readyable skimdalises and springs, a series of sensors at distributively wheel and right through the car and an actuator or servo at apiece shock and spring. The components may vary slightly from manufacturer to manufacturer. The active suspension deeds by constantly sensing changes in the road surface and feeding that information, via the ECU to the outlying(prenominal) components. The components act upon the system to modify its character adjusting shock stiffness, spring rate and to improve ride performance drivability and responsiveness.Diagram 3, Active SuspensionExtremetech.com (2016)The principles of operation of an active suspension relies entirely on the computer (ECU) which detects body movement from the sensors located throughout the vehicle. The hydraulic pressure to the servo is supplied by a high pressure radial piston hydraulic pump. There are 13 sensors continually monitoring the body movement and vehicle take aim and supply the ABS controller with new data every ten milliseconds. four take sensors one at each wheel measures the longitudinal and thwartwise body acceleration. At each hydraulic cylinder a pressure sensor monitors the hydraulic pressure. As the ABS controller receives and possesses data, it operates four hydraulic servos, each mounted in series on a spring strut, to a error each wheel. Almost immediately the servo regulates the suspension which generates counter forces to body lean, dive and squat during several driving manoeuvres. There is a suspension strut which contains of a steel coil spring and a shock absorber connected in parallel.The Active corpse Control system (ABC) also allows for self-levelling suspension which raises and lowers the vehicle in response to the ever-changing load. Every vehicle equipped with ABC has an ABC Sport button which allows the driver to adjust the suspension range for contrastive driving style preferences. The feature allows the driver ton adjust the suspension to maintain a more level ride in a more demanding driving conditions. Motor-car.co.uk (2016)Assessment Criteria 2.3 The steering angle sensor (SAS) is a critical part of the ESC system that measures the steering wheel position angle and rate turn. A scan scape can be used to get the data in degrees. The SAS, which is located, in a sensor cluster in the steering column. The cluster unceasingly has more than one steering column. The ESC module must receive two polaritys to confirm the steering position. The signals are often out of phase with each other. The analog SASs are very much alike to the accelerator motorbike position sensors, SASs are wired with a 5-volt reference, chassis principle and signal output and can be tested via a port under the steering column. When the steering wheel is turned, the SASs produces a signal that varies between 0 and 5 volts as the wheel is turned 360 degrees. It is realistic to observe the 0 to 5-volt signal with meters connected to the SAS sen sors. When the wheels are straight forwards the sensors reads about 2.8v and 4v. If the readings are the same the two sensors could be shortened together. close vehicles produce a positive voltage turning right and a negative voltage turning left. A multi-meter could be used to test the voltage signal produced by the SAS sensors. Knowyourparts.com (2016)The self-levelling and ride control systems have fault diagnosis in most vehicles for they incorporate a self-diagnostic facility that will illuminate a malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) if a fault is detected. If you leery a fault with a self-levelling or ride control system a visual inspection is normally conducted for wear and tear. A scan tool is connected to the diagnostic connector and fault codes are retrieved.Diagram 4, examples of suspension system fault codes Stoakes whole wheat flour (2012)Antilock braking systems (ABS) are electronic systems that monitor and control wheel slip during vehicle braking. ABSs may improve v ehicle control during braking and reduce stopping distances on slippery road surfaces by limiting wheel slip and minimizing lockup. Reducing wheel slip improves vehicle stability and control during braking, for stability increases as wheel slip decreases. A simple braking system consists of a master cylinder and four wheel cylinders. When the stop roll is pressed the piston in the master cylinder forces the liquid out of the cylinder. The liquid pressed the two pistons in the wheel-cylinders outwards. The two pistons push the brake shoes outwards. One major component of the anti-lock braking system includes the master cylinder, when the pedal is pressed the principal(a) piston moves to the left, when it crosses the bypass port the liquid is forced along the thermionic tube lines to the wheel cylinders. When the pedal is released the primary piston is moved backwards.Diagram 5, Inside the Master Cylinder Auto.howstuffwirks.com (2016)The principles of the ABS system are the follo wing The skidding and loss of control is caused by the locking of the wheels. The release and reapply of the brakes pedal will avoid the locking of the wheels which in turn avoids the skidding. This is exactly what an antilock braking system does.The pressure modulation work when the brake pedal is pumped or pulsed, the pressure is quickly applied and released at the wheels. This is called pressure modulation, which works to prevent the wheels from locking. The ABS system can modulate the pressure to the brake as often as 15 times per second. ABS precisely controls the slip rate of the wheels to ensure maximum grip force from the tyres and therefore ensures simplified manoeuvre and stability for the driver of the vehicle.The slip rate during ABS operation varies, the hindquarters slip rate can be from 10 to 30%. 0% slip subject matter the wheel is rolling freely, while 100% means the wheel is fully locked. A slip rate of 25% means the velocity of a wheel is 25% less than that of a freely rolling wheel at the same vehicle speed.Diagram 6, covering a Lateral and Longitudinal Mu-Slip CurveFreerebublic.com (2016)Hydraulic components of the ABS system include an accumulator, which is used to store the hydraulic fluid to maintain high pressure in the brake system. The antilock hydraulic control valve assembly controls the release and occupation of the brake system pressure to the wheel brake assemblies. The booster pump is used to provide pressurized hydraulic fluid to the ABS (Antilock braking system).The booster/master cylinder assembly is needed to modulate hydraulic pressure in the wheel circuit during the ABS operations. The fluid accumulator temporarily stores the brake fluid that is removed from the wheel brake whole during the ABS cycle. A hydraulic control whole may have one pump and one motor or it may have one motor and two pumps. The main valve is made up of a two-position valve and is opened only in the ABS mode. A modulator unit controls the flow of pressurized brake fluid to the individual wheel circuits. The solenoid valves located in the modulator unit and are electrically operated by signals from the control module.Diagram 7, regular Toyota ABS control relay wiring diagramWiringdiagrams21.com (2016)The electrical/electronic components consist of the following ABS control module, which monitors the system operation and controls the antilock function when needed. Brake pedal sensor, is the function to switch on the brake lights to alert other vehicles that the car is slowing down and is going to stop. The wheel speed sensor, are generally used for sensing the wheel speed.There are three antithetic types of anti-lock braking system, firstly the four channel, four sensor ABS, this is the best scheme, there are speed sensors on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. Secondly, the three channel, three sensor ABS, this scheme is commonly raise on pick-up trucks with four wheels ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. Thirdly, the one channel, one sensor ABS, has one valve which controls both rear wheels and one speed sensor located in the rear axle.The features and benefits of ABS system include the followingFeatures Benefits Control of steering. Increase steering ability and vehicle stability during braking secure electrical/ electronic If the electrical/electronic System. system fails, the ABS is shut off. suitcase control. It is an optional feature that controls excessive wheel spin during acceleration. ABS malfunction indicator lamp. It informs the driver or technician that there is ABS fault.Diagram 8, the Operation under different conditions Slide portion.net (2016)The design goals of the ABS system are to Attain minimum stopping distance Maintain stability and steering easeThe design solution includes the followingTo develop a system that rapidly modulates the braking force under trying braking conditions toMaintain the ideal tyre slip percentage to maximise braking force (=15%), recalling that Fbrake = Ubn.To permit the vehicle to be steered with stability maintained by preventing skidding.The automatic traction control system applies to the brakes when a drive wheel attempts to spin and lose traction. The system works best when one drive wheel is working on a good traction surface and the other is not. The system also works well when the vehicle is accelerating on slippery road surfaces especially when climbing hills.Diagram 9, A block diagram of tractionSine.ni.com (2016)The benefits of traction control are avoiding are It improves driver safety Less sudden twists and turns Fewer slippage of the wheels Fewer stopping distances most(prenominal)ly integrated with powerful cars Better gripping of the car.The traction TCS control system is used to prevent wheel spin and loss of traction. These sorts of systems help to prevent the tyres from breaking loose during sudden ac celeration on faux pas surfaces. They are usually an add on to the ESC electronic stability control system to control and restore traction on the slippery roads. The TCS and ABS systems share the same wheel speed sensors. The TCM program requires two additional solenoids in the hydraulic modulator assembly. The solenoids isolate the brake circuits to the drive wheels from the non-drive wheels during wheel spin. An electric pump and an accumulator are used to apply the wheel brake on the wheel that has lost its traction.The systems use an actuator to reduce power at speeds supra 30 mph. This is done by closing the throttle on the vehicle with electronic throttle controls retarding the timing and decreasing fuel injector pulse width. If the ABS and traction control light illuminates continuously then the system should be scanned for codes. Most of these systems have a deactivation switch if the traction control is not required. Freeasestudyguides.com (2016)Assessment Criteria 2.3 The service and repair procedures from Land Rover Service manual of arms1. Clean the ABS sensor, smear the sensor with an anti-seize grease and fit the sensor to the hub.2. equip the Allen screw securing ABS sensor and tighten to 8 Nm (6 1b.ft) tighten to 8 Nm (6 1b.ft).3. Secure the sensor lead to the suspension arm and suspension turret, then connect and secure to the multi-plug. Close the cover on the multi-plug housing.4. come in the wheel arch liner and secure with screws.Service and Repair1. let go of catch and disconnect the ABS modulator multi-plug.2. Disconnect the multi-plug from the sensor.3. Position the cloth under modulator to absorb the fluid spillage.CAUTION Brake fluid will damage winder finished surfaces. If spilled, immediately remove fluid and clean area with water. experience that the water does not enter modulator ports.4. Noting their fitted positions, disconnect 6 brake pipe unions from the Modulator.5. Remove belt securing ABS modulator to mounting brake.6 . Release and remove the ABS modulator from mounting brackets to Modulator and remove bracket.Assessment Criteria 2.4 The stability control system momentarily applies the brakes at any one wheel to correct over steer or under steer. The control unit receives signals from the typical sensors plus a yaw, asquint acceleration (G-force) and steering angle sensor. The vehicle stability control system (VSC) were created to help reduce the amount of wheel slip during acceleration and in harsh driving conditions. The way stability control system works is by having a connection between the live sensors and the anti-lock brake unit. It works by the sensors getting information and processing it through the ECU and sending it to the anti-lock brake system ABS unit. By applying hydraulic pressure through the anti-lock brake-system it may shift the traction of the wheels individually.The advantages of an integrated stability control system are It allows the driver to maintain directional stabil ity and control over steering during braking. It is safe and effective. This automatically changes the brake fluid pressure at each wheel to maintain optimum brake performance. The ABS absorbs the unwanted turbulence shock waves and modulates the pulses thus permitting the wheel to continue turning under maximum braking pressure.The disadvantages are It is very costly The service and repair diagnosis is not simple support cost of a car equipped with ABS is more.ConclusionStatistics show that around 40% of automobile accidents are due to skidding. The problems commonly occur on vehicle with conventional brake systems which can be avoided by adding devices called ABS. If there is an ABS failure, the system will revert to normal brake operation. Normally, the ABS warning light will turn on and let the driver know there is a fault.ReferenceExtremetech.com (2016) Boses amazing active suspension uses speaker technology online Available at http//www.extremetech.com/extreme/97177-bose-ac tive-supension-moves-toward-market/2 Accessed 15th March 2016Freeasestudyguides.com (2016) TCS grip Control System online Available at http//www.freeasestudyguides.com/tcs-traction-control-systems.html Accessed 15th March 2016Hilliers (2012) basics of Motor Vehicle Technology, 6th ed. Cheltenham LondonMotor-car.co.uk (2016) Mercedes-Benz Car Active Body Control (ABC) online Available at http//www.motor-car.co.uk/susoension-types/item/14575-car-active-body-control Accessed 15th March 2016Stoakes, Graham (2012) Principles of Light Vehicle Technology, 1st ed. Heinemann Essex

Analyse the star persona

Analyse the star purpose train AND TV STUDIES WORK PROGRAMMEESSAY QUESTIONS1. Analyse the star portion of any actor of your choosing. What traits connotations and values does that star persona embody and to what issue does he or she bring the same traits, connotations and values to each use? You should answer with close down reference to at least THREE studys.In this essay I am going to analyse the star persona of one of Bollywood most triple-crown actor, Shahrukh caravan inn, in like manner known as SRK. Shahrukh Khan has do over fifty characterisations over the years starting from 1992 he made his de barely contain Deewana (1992) which gave him box office hit. This gave him the most victorious launch of his c areer in the Bollywood contract industry. His role in the film gave achieved him Filmfare for the best Debut Award.There are three films of Shahrukh Khan that I am going to use close reference to, they are, KKHH (Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Something Happens 1998), K3G ( Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham sometimes Happiness, Sometimes Sadness 2001) and (Chak De India Come On India 2007).The reason I chose these depictions as these movies are very well known for big the success of his acting offset in these movies.KKHH is a story of a simple stylish, sensuous and nectarous have sex triangle story. Rahul (Shahrukh Khan) the tomboy Anjali (Kajol). They are both students at St Xaviers College. They are the best of friends. One day Tina, (Rani Mukerji), the principals missy enrols the college. She is from London and is very beautiful, maidenlike and sophisticated and the opposite of Anjali. Rahul f alones for her as they meet for the first time. Anjali then(prenominal) realises that she has feeling for Rahul and did not realise the careless comment on his take leave that she had heard, which equated love with friendship. This causes the love triangle to unfold. When one day Rahul confesses his love for Tina to Anjali, Anjali leaves the college, to give vo ice the heartbreak that has caused her.Tina and Rahul marry and have a daughter whom they name Anjali. Tina dies later on childbirth but has compose a series of eight letters. On Anjali birthday she asks about where her name has come from. Rahul daughter Anjali believes that the older Anjali sess earn her baffle happy again and decided to help him go back his lost love.Rahul then meets Anjali again at a camp where Rahul daughter has enrolled, where her namesake is the counsellor. The namesake discoverers without the knowledge of the young woman, the truth of her new charges of parentage. Rahul finds the old feelings reviving. But Anjali has bowed to her familys wishes and is engaged to anformer(a) man. Complications ensue, but any ends well as Anjali fianc steps apart to let the fated couple marry at last.Richard Dyer in his entertain says A star image is made out of media texts that apprize be grouped together as onward motion, publicity, films and commentaries/critici sm.SRK f alls directed into all these mentioned. Promotion is one big main thing is what makes SRK. Although he is universal famous primarily to the South Asian ethnicity around the world, most of the promotion is spread over India itself.SRK is one of the famous Bollywood star pin ups in India. He also has fan clubs publications (which is largely controlled by the studios), fashion pictures, ads where he endorses a merchandise like affordable cars, Pepsi and soap where it is usually shown in India and other neighbouring countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh. SRK works well in this advertisement as people in India love him. He is a person who came from a middle class working background to a top successful actor. He is also the very few actors who made it in Bollywood as this industry is very hard to enter if either you have close family in the industry, like bugger off, grand induce, brother or sister. He has had no-one like this, and he made it to the top.He makes public appearan ces and also cameos in supporting his other actors in the Bollywood song videos scenes such as I See You 2006, Saatiya 2002, Heyy shaver 2007 and Luck By Chance 2008.Promotion is probably the most simple of all the text which constructs a stars image, in that it is the most deliberate, direct, intentioned and self-conscious.Publicity is theoretically different from promotion in that it is not, or does not appear to be deliberated image-making. It is what the press finds out, what the star lets slip in an interview and is effectuate in the newspapers and magazines. In content, this is much controlled by SRK agents and studios.A one great is the notion of the vehicle. The films he does have a distinct and privilege dumbfound in the stars image. It is after all films stars that are to be considered their celebrity is outlined by the face of their appearing in films. However SRK is a phenomenon of picture palace and of a general social meanings and there are instances of stars who se films whitethorn real be less important than other aspects of their career.Mostly important is the commonwealth of the vehicle. Films were often built around the star image. Stories might be written expressly to feature a given star, or books might be bought for production with a star in mind. The film K3G 2001 was one of the highest rough-cuting Indian films overseas until 2006. This film is a family movie and the cast are all top Bollywood actors, such as Amitabh Bachan, Jaya Bachan, Sharukh Khan, Kajol, Hritik Roshan and Kareena Kapoor. The plot of the movie is about Rahul (SRK), who is the select by Yash (Amitab) and wife Nandini (Jaya) who was able to give birth to son Rohan (Hritikh). The father is the richest famous businessman in India. He believes in keeping tradition and is against love marriages. When Rohan comes back to India after overseas studying for few years, he falls in love with Anjali (Kajol).Yash decides to arrange marriage for son Rahul, but Rahul tells his father that he wants to marry Anjali. His father is angered by this, as he is not opting for his choice of high class society misfire unlike Anjali who is middle class girl. Rahul apologises to his father Yash and promises to do whatever he asked for, and as he goes to tell Anjali that he is going to be married, he sees that Anjali father has passed away suddenly. After seeing that Anjali and her sister has no family and no one to live with, he marries Anjali on the spot. When he brings her home his father is more angered and disowns him and says that because you were adopted and not the blood of mine, you acted like this.Rahul is unhinged and hurt hard, shares emotional goodbye.The story goes on to the younger brother Rohan who goes on a mission to get his brother back close to the family. This film shows love, drama, family tradition ECT.This story was written and directed by Karen Johor. SRK was picked for the role of Rahul as he is well meet for this character. Karen Joh or has worked with both actors SRK and Kajol in his past movie KKHH which was a success and he even used Kajol in this movie to play Anjali, as they had chemistry in KKHH being a love couple. SRK can bring tears to an audience, with his acting skills in all his movies. SRK made this movie what it is, as he brought his own personal feelings into it. Losing a father was one scene in the movie which he can bring up to, as his father passed away in 1981 before he became successful. So this shows that he was chosen for that movie as he suited the role.We may know the first of all points at which star is effective in the construction of character. These can be considered from two points of view the occurrence of a star being in the film, and their performance in it. As regards the fact that a given star in the film, audience, foreknowledge, the stars name and his appearance already signify that condensation of attitudes and values which is the stars image. Having SRK made K3G successful but also with the help with other fellow top cast members.In the film Chak De India SRK plays the role of the coach for the Indian women hockey group. He used to be the star player of the Indian mens cricket group but as he lost one match to Pakistan, India people felt he let Pakistan win as him being Muslim. Indian cricket team asked him to be the role of the Coach which no man would like to take part in India. The film goes on, from him having the typical slow team with no team game. He guides them to play well and win the championship.This film role suited SRK to play this part. He is the heart of India for past fifteen years and everyone in India looks up to. His role in this made this movie the top gross movie of 2007 and was declared a Blockbuster in U.S. Of all of SRK films that make him successful his stars image fit with all the traits of the character. For example in all three movies talked about in this essay, the role SRK usually plays is the man who gets the girl of his dream. He is also shown as the popular man, mature, and also family man. He can play these roles well in all his movies that he has done.

The Communicative Language Teaching Clt English Language Essay

The communicatory Language T individu anyying Clt English Language Es arrangeIn this thesis written ab forth Communicative Language Teaching, I in servingicular foc functiond on Communicative Language Teaching-activities. First of all you result get introduced with the beginning of CLT and its characteristics, because it is all most-valuable(p) to know the beginning of CLT When did begin? How it is create the CLT that we atomic number 18 victimization nowadays? What characteristics does it arrest? Why it is useful for article of belief overseas lyric poem? In the pages that follow, it will be argued of tercet salmagundis of set which I consider basically remarkable Mechanical occupation, Meaningful practise, Communicative practise. Classroom activities in CLT which atomic number 18 trueness activities and Fluency activities, are menti adeptd in this paper as consequential point that CLT has, as well I have d hotshot an observation in primary domesticate to decide which application is being implemented in primary schools, because it is very strategic to underwrite how good our educational system is going and to prepare myself as a future teacher to select which activities are to a greater extent comfortable for pupils. undermentioned section of this paper it has an elaboration of CLT-Activities t present you will see their execution of instrument and one example for each of them. I have done a questionnaire for pupils contained by ten questions related to CLT-Activities, and after it I have explained the results of each question of questionnaire. At the end you will see an overall finale of this paper, what I have understood found on my research, observations, theoretical part of Communicative Language Teaching.I Communicative Language TeachingWhat is CLT?In the late years, there has been an increasing interest in pick uping English as a remote nomenclature, which basically considered one of the most important languages in all over the world. People need English for their jobs, career, life, travelling, studies, etcetera The problem was and in some countries is still considering problem in how to learn and how to teach a foreign language (including rules of grammar, pronunciation, skills, intercourse). Fifty years agone Grammar was a remarkable point in command a foreign language, the systems focus was in teaching a foreign language based just in grammar (rules, sentence formation, definitions) which was called tralatitious Approach. Fortunately activities started to be in march of changing with another(prenominal) activities and soon traditional approach went pop out of fashion. What made this approach to get out of the system was a current approach called Communicative Language Teaching or CLT. With CLT began a front man away from traditional lesson formats where the focus was on mastery of unlike items of grammar and practise by dint of dominanceled activities much(prenominal) as memorization of dialogs and drills, towards the use of pair run short activities, design plays, group works activities and project work (Richards) (n.d). Based on this citation and what is generally accepted about CLT, I hatful say that CLT is a new approach, useful too, and it focuses on needs of teachers How to teach a foreign language? And also in students How to learn a foreign language?1.2 The Beginning of CLT and its characteristics.According to Richards (n.d) CLT created a vast deal of extravagance and excitement when, first appeared as a new approach to language teaching in the 1970s and 1980s. So it is understandable that CLT has changed a sens of things in the field of language teaching. As I mentioned before the Traditional Approach was a set of grammar rules, therefore it had a steer coating which is called Grammar competency. Grammar competence is full filled with rules grammar, creating sentences based on grammar, communicating with rules, whereby the looking at of subje ctive language was absent. As a result professors of language horizon that there spate something more than Grammar competence, and there as a principal goal of Communicative Language Teaching is Communicative Competence. Communicative Competence which is at the heart of our understanding of CLT plays a very important role in function of CLT. CLT needs Communicative Competence in rewrite to be useful and undersurfacenot work without it.-Why Communicative Competence is so important for CLT-Communicative Competence is a relative not absolute, and it depends from the cooperation of participants, their involvement, and so on.thither are four aspects of Communicative CompetenceGrammatical Competence still that teaching Grammar is considering verbose from students, we brush offnot avoid it, and grammar is principal thing of speech, communication, formal or informal written. However for me as a future teacher, I should adjust ways how to teach grammar without creating stress on stud ents, or creating a boring class.-DiscourseThe second aspect of the Communicative Competence is Discourse. In this aspect potty enter the intersentential (it means email, conversations, communication).-Social cultural elements.The third aspect Communicative Competence is Social Cultural Elements. In this aspect is very attractive one this one includes interaction, context and students in the classroom. Practising social cultural elements than bringing in cultural things, and having students practising it, it means they have ability to fall out on natural context.-Strategic CompetenceStrategic Competence goes beyond the classroom instruction, by exploitation strategies and learning by mistakes students hindquarters communicate easily, cigaret learn different ways of expressions.Also Accuracy and Fluency activities play very important role in Communicative Competence their balance is the true put of Communicative Competence.Communicative Learning Teaching uses these four compone nts of Communicative Competence in order to function successfully in process of teaching and in learning. Communicative Language Teaching involves different kinds of classroom activities that gives students opportunity to see natural language and real communication that promotes learning.CLT- ActivitiesAs we saying in the chapter I CLT is to full fill needs of teachers and students in process of teaching and learning a foreign language. Through CLT we learn in natural way a foreign language. This crapper be effected through activities that CLT has.CLT Activities are very helpful in EFL classes, they manages to create a comfortable atmosphere in classroom, they can raise the motivation of students, through them teachers can find many easily ways to teach a foreign language, even if they have in fancy to teach grammar or something that seems a bit complicated.-I want to highlight 2 important classroom activities of CLT-Fluency activities-Accuracy activitiesAccording to Richards (n.d) one of the goals that CLT is to develop fluency in language use. Fluency is basically formed by classroom activities in which students use communication strategies, they learn by doing or practising things or by finding weakness point and works on them in order to communicate. On other hand we have Accuracy that is distinct from Fluency. According to Richards (n.d) accuracy focuses on the formation of constitute examples of language, it does not require meaningful communication and the choice of language is controlled. So seeing the characteristics between of Fluency and Accuracy I can say that in fluency activities students feel freer in using a foreign language, because the process of fluency it gives opportunity to all students to communicate in foreign language, students learn by practising things, they can correct themselves while communicating. Whereas in Accuracy students are under the control of teacher, here the rules of strategies are strict than in Fluency, and this may cause a great stress on students, so teachers should take care how they use such activities. Neither Fluency nor Accuracy is less or more important than the other, they should be treated in the same way. They are equal components in classroom. For example if a teacher uses fluency activities, and finds some grammatical mistakes on students than can use accuracy activities to work on those mistakes. Likewise can happen the opposite first to use accuracy activities than those rules of grammar (words formation, tenses, passive voice, etc) to have got in fluency activities to see if students have understood it. So no(prenominal) accuracy or fluency can work without each other, they are linked together, and cannot be separated. To function in the right way twain accuracy and fluency I have noticed some move that should be taken into the account before we want to realize these kind of activities.-The role of teacher and students in classroom.Teachers play an important role i n classroom. They should be prepared well to be in front of students. Teachers should plan things, lessons, and activities before they go to the class, or contrary they should be flexible in order to change things if the plan is not working. Teachers should be a facilitator in classroom, should be there whenever students have needs or have questions. Teachers should shrink a lot of things in order to g course self-confidence and determine on students. All these things cannot be realized just by teachers also the participation of students is very important. Students should be ready to collaborate, to come prepared in school they should do their duties or homework given by teacher. They should be collaborative with other classmates, not to work just by themselves, to be helpful with others and so on. If teachers wants to apply fluency or accuracy activities should find before about other things like Breaking the routine/ academic term arrangements-None likes the routine especially students, they get bored if teacher focuses only in grammar (sentence formation, tenses, vocabulary, pronunciation, etc.), teachers should take care how to organize things lessons, to divide them in order to eliminate a routine to make things more enthusiastic and fun. On other hand students might get out of control and then the experience of learning will lose its purpose.-Seating arrangements can be one of the principal elements if teachers want to apply certain activities, if they want to change someway the atmosphere in class, and to break the routine. I want to represent three kinds of pose arrangements which I consider basically and other seating arrangements can flow from these three seating arrangements.-In the first stick out we can see the usually seating arrangements Seating in rows.row.jpgSeating in row is very usually arrangement, so as you can see the participate there can be seat one students or twain in one desk it depends on the number of students in class. Students are in front with a teacher, the class is more quite with this seating arrangement. This seating arrangement can perfectly function if there is any natural action for example working individually or if there are two students in one desk they can work in pairs. The technique Think-Pair-Share can be useful in Seating in row. Teacher can give a target for example What is a weather forthwith first they think individually and then they pair with each other and at the end they can share their discussion with the class.-In next figure is the other seating arrangement and very commonly used multitude WorkGroup-Tables3.jpgWith Group seating arrangement a lot of CLT activities can be realized, if there are any game activities that need more than two students or any collaborative work group seating is the best one. In this seating arrangement the class should be separate in five or six group which contain by four or five students, it depends on the number of students. Teacher shou ld control all the time students if they are working or having any difficulties because using this kind of seating arrangement in the class there can be a lot of noise and students might be out of the control. Group seating it gives opportunity to students to be interactive to be collaborative to correct each other, to create friendship with other classmates, and so on.In the third figure we have the third seating arrangement called skid in addition is my favourite seating arrangement.images.jpgI consider the brake shoe seating more favourable because none is in the centre ,all are treated equal and everyone can see each other without leaving anyone else aside. Through Horseshoe there can be developed a lot of debated, discussions, everyone feel free to talk and like this fluency activities can be realized. Regarding to my experience in the primary or secondary school when we used this kind of seating the words started to flow itself, because the atmosphere that is created it pus hes you to communicate in foreign language without noticing it.

Chinas Development Strategy Under Mao Zedong History Essay

chinawares Development Strategy Under monoamine oxidase Zedong History EssayThe industrial system taken everywhere by the Chinese communistic lead in 1949 was non scarce cardinal and war-deva body politicd, tho too extremely imbalanced. Over 70% of the industrial assets and getup were concentrated in the coastal areas charm the rest of the country shared the remainder. Within the coastal region, ripe industrial intersection was again firmly concentrated in a few cities, namely Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenyang, Anshan, Benxi, Dalian and Fushun vizored for 55% of the impart for the coastal region. chinaware was a typical dual economy, in which a few industrial cities were surrounded by macroscopic-scale gardening. When the Chinese leadership started its efforts at industrialization, it regarded the huge coast-interior imbalance as irrational because, firstly, areas of industrial take were usu bothy too far away from energy and raw materials provision areas a nd the interior market, meaning substantial long-distance transport costs and creating a strain on mainland Chinas undeveloped transport system. Secondly, the rich resources in the middle shoot areas could not be properly exploited. Fin wholey, since the coast was easily exposed to oerseas military power, the sinister concentration of industriousness in that respect represented a national security risk, as was the case during the Second World War. To reform that regional imbalance, the Chinese leadership decided to pull the levers of centrally direct enthronement. (Yang, 1990)During the land reform, a significant amount landlords were murdered at Communist Party gatherings, the land was taken from them and given to poorer peasants and there was excessively the crusade to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries, which involved public executions targeting mainly former Kuomintang decreeds, businessmen impeach of market disturbances, former employees of Western companies and intell ectuals whose loyalty was suspect. In 1976, the U.S. State department come closed around a gazillion may have been killed in the land reform, and a further 800,000 killed in the counterrevolutionary campaign (Shalom, 1984, p24). monoamine oxidase himself claimed that a integrality of 700,000 tribe were executed during the years 1949-53 (Chang Halliday, 2005). However, because there was a insurance to select at least one landlord, and usually several, in virtually every village for public execution, the number of deaths ranged between 2 and 5 million. In addition, at least 1.5million people (Short, 2001), perhaps as m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) as 6 million were sent to reform by and through grind camps where many perished (Valentino, 2004). monoamine oxidase played a personal role in organizing the mass repressions and established a system of execution quotas, which were of ten exceeded. moreover he defended these killings as necessary for the securing of power.China s first Five-Year formulate entailed the forced provision of cheap agricultural supplies to cities, though per capita allocation kept low to reject urbanization. In rural areas, production decisions are shifted from househ hoars to mutual aid teams, and accordingly to cooperatives where a cadre makes key decisions. Ownership is redefined in the form of affirm-owned enterprises and organise farms. In terms of financial structure, the binding constraints on households and enterprises at this date are coupons, authorizations, and orders to deliver. These instruments rather than money determine production and consumption outcomes then prices are of secondary importance. The Hundred Flowers campaign brings unanticipated criticism, especially from intellectuals, which monoamine oxidase silences in the repressive anti-rightist campaign.Al closely two-thirds of the major projects, including many being make with Soviet aid were located in the interior. Despite allowance do to help r ehabilitate war-devastated coastal industrial facilities, nearly 56% of the state investment in fixed assets went to the interior during this period. The interior-orientated investment policy took its bell shape in terms of frugal efficiency as coastal industrial harvest-festival was sorely needed as a foundation for the maturation of the whole country. More concentrated efforts at rehabilitation and improvement of old enterprises in the coastal region could have breakd more immediate stinting pay-offs than making naked investments in areas that lacked infrastructural support. Thus, monoamine oxidase, in his April 1956 speech On the ten great dealingships, commented that in the past few years we have not laid seemly stress on industry in the coastal region so that the productive power of coastal industry could be used for the full schooling of the whole country, especially the interior. In the identical speech, however, Mao also revealed he was in favour of construction mo st of heavy industry, 90% or perhaps still more, in the interior.Gottschang (1987) discussed how China used a Soviet approach to economical development was manifested in the counterbalance Five-Year programme. The main objective was a high rate of economic growth, with primary emphasis on industrial development at the expenditure of agriculture and particular concentration on heavy industry and capital-intensive technology. titanic numbers of Soviet engineers, technicians, and scientists assisted in developing and installing new heavy industrial facilities, including entire plants and pieces of equipment purchased from the Soviet Union. Government control over industry was gaind during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of clubby, modern-day firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises downstairs state control. By 1956 approximately 67.5% of all modern industrial enterprises were state owne d, others were downstairs joint ownership. No privately owned firms remained. During the same period, the handicraft industries were nonionized into cooperatives, which accounted for 91.7% of all handicraft sourers by 1956.Agriculture also underwent extensive organisational changes. To facilitate the mobilisation of agricultural resources, improve the efficiency of farming, and increase organisation access to agricultural products, the authorities encouraged farmers to organize increasingly large and socialized collective units. From the loosely structured, tiny mutual aid teams, villages were to enhance first to lower-stage, agricultural producers cooperatives, in which families still received some income on the basis of the amount of land they contributed, and eventually to advanced cooperatives, or collectives. In the agricultural producers cooperatives, income shares were based only on the amount of drudge contributed. In addition, each family was allowed to retain a smal l private plot on which to grow vegetables, fruit, and livestock for its own use. The collectivization process began slowly but accelerated in 1955 and 1956. In 1957 about 93.5% of all farm households had coupled advanced producers cooperatives.In terms of economic growth the First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. A solid foundation was created in heavy industry. Key industries, including iron and steel manufacturing, coal tap, cement production, electricity generation, and machine building were greatly expand and were put on a firm, modern technological footing. Thousands of industrial and mining enterprises were constructed, including 156 major facilities. Industrial production increased at an average yearbook rate of 19% between 1952 and 1957, and national income grew at 9% a year. Despite the lack of state investment in agriculture, agricultural take increased substantially, averaging increase s of about 4% a year. This growth resulted primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by the reorganization and cooperation achieved through collectivization. As the First Five-Year Plan wore on, however, Chinese leaders became increasingly concerned over the comparatively sluggish performance of agriculture and the inability of state trading companies to increase significantly the amount of grain procured from rural units for urban consumption. The First Five-Year Plan was for a long term the only plan that was even partially executed.The success of the First Five Year Plan encouraged Mao to initiate the outstanding reverberate forwards, in 1958. Mao also launched a phase of rapid collectivization. The Party introduced price controls as well as a Chinese character simplification aimed at increasing literacy. The expectant Leap was not merely a bold economic project, it was also intended to show the Soviet Union that the Chinese approach to economic development was more vivacious, and ultimately would be more successful, than the Soviet feigning that had been used previously. Under the economic program, the relatively small agricultural collectives which had been make were rapidly merged into far larger peoples communes, and many of the peasants ordered to work on massive infrastructure projects and the small-scale production of iron and steel. both(prenominal) private food production was banned livestock and farm implements were brought under collective ownership.Under the slap-up Leap Forward, Mao and other society leaders ordered the implementation of a variety of unproven and unscientific new agricultural techniques by the new communes. Combined with the diversion of labour to steel production and infrastructure projects and the reduced personal incentives under a commune system this led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by further 10% decrement in 1960 and no recuperation in 1961 (Spence, p.553). To win f avour with superiors and void being purged, each layer in the party hierarchy misinform the amount of grain produced under them and based on the fabricated success, party cadres were ordered to requisition a disproportionately high amount of the consecutive harvest for state use primarily in the cities and urban areas but also for export, which resulted in the rural peasant snot left enough to eat and millions starved to death in the largest paucity in mankind history. This famine was a direct cause of the death of some 30 millions of Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962 and about the same number of births were lost or postponed. Further, many children who became emaciated and malnourished during years of hardship and struggle for survival, scare awayd shortly after the Great Leap Forward came to an end in 1962 (Spence, p.553).The famine was due to Maos leaning heavily on mass mobilization to fixture up industrial development. The Great Leap emphasized heavy industry in ge neral, and the iron and steel industry in particular. In any case, the Great Leap came to be a leap into disaster and was a major cause of Chinas worst famine (1959-61). During this period state investment in industrial assets in the interior continued to increase. It averaged 59.4% of the national total during 1958-62 and further grew to 62-5% in the post-Leap adjustment period (1963-65). In the meantime, worsening Sino-Soviet relations and U.S. involvement in Vietnam led Chinas leaders to perceive a great need for enhancing its national defence capabilities. As a result, despite the a good deal felt post-crisis need to invigorate existing industrial production and desexualise consumption levels, Mao in 1964 ruled in favour of building more defence-orientated industries in the interior so that Chinas industrial infrastructure would hold up a foreign invasion and provide for a protracted defensive war. (Yang, 1990, p.236-7) As part of this push for hierarchical organization and revolutionary thinking, Mao initiates the Peoples Commune Movement to foster a communist-agrarian society. Bad incentives and bad digest bring the famine of 1960 with its accompanying economic turmoil, starvation, and rural revolt. Twenty to cardinal million people lose their lives through malnutrition and famine (Fairbanks 1987, p.296). The failure of the Great Leap Forward and the Peoples Commune Movement created the first open break up within the ranks of communist leaders. Furthermore, a major rift opens with the Soviets, leading to a break in relations and Russian aid flows. (Jaggi et al., WP 1996)The Great Leap Forward was a disaster for China. Although the steel quotas were officially reached, almost all of it made in the countryside was useless lumps of iron, as it had been made from assorted element metal in homemade furnaces with no reliable source of provoke such as coal. At the Lushan Conference in 1959, several leaders expressed concern that the Leap was not as su ccessful as planned. The most direct of these was Minister of defensive measure and Korean War customary Peng Dehuai. Mao, fearing loss of his position, orchestrated a purge of Peng and his supporters, stifling criticism of the Great Leap policies. Senior officials who reported the truth of the famine to Mao were mark as right opportunists (Becker, 1998). A campaign against right opportunism was launched and resulted in party members and ordinary peasants being sent to camps where many would subsequently die in the famine. The party have now concluded that 6 million were wrongly punished in the campaign. (Valentino, 2004, p. 127)The largest man-made famine on genius was the Chinese famine of 1958-1961, which resulted in the death of an estimated 30 million people and approximately the same number of births lost or postponed. This famine was imagination to be as a direct result of the decision by Mao Zedong to launch the Great Leap Forward, a mass mobilization of the population to achieve economic advancement. Mao followed the Stalinist ideology of heavy industry being the answer to economic advancement, peasants were ordered to abandon all private food production and instead produce steel which turn out to be of extremely poor quality and of trivial or no use (Smil, 1999). This created a similar pattern to that of the loss of grain production needed to fare the population as seen in the Ukraine in the 1930s,by the restrain of 1959 famine had affected people living in one-third of Chinas provinces. Until the mid 1980s, when official census figures were finally published by the Chinese Government, little was known about the scale of the disaster in the Chinese countryside, as the handful of Western observers allowed access during this time had been restricted to model villages where they were deceived into accept that Great Leap Forward had been a great success. There was also an assumption that the flow of individual reports of starvation that had bee n reaching the West, primarily through Hong Kong and Taiwan, must be localized or exaggerated as China was continuing to claim record harvests and was a net exporter of grain through the period. Because Mao wanted to pay back early to the Soviets debts totalling 1.973 billion yuan from 1960 to 1962, exports increased by 50%. (ONeill, 2008)Censuses were carried out in China in 1953, 1964 and 1982. The first attempt to analyse this data in order to estimate the number of famine deaths was carried out by Dr Judith Banister. Given the gaps between the censuses and doubts over the reliability of the data, an accurate figure is difficult to ascertain. Banister concluded that the official data implied that around 15 million excess deaths incurred in China during 1958-61 and that based on her modelling of Chinese demographics during the period and taking account of assumed underreporting during the famine years, the figure was around 30 million. The official statistic is 20 million deaths, as given by Hu Yaobang (Short, 2001).Partly surrounded by hostile American military bases, China was confronted with a Soviet bane from the north and west. Both the internal crisis and the external threat called for extraordinary discreetness from Mao, but as China entered the new decade the statesmen of the Peoples Republic were in hostile confrontation with each other. During Conference of the Seven Thousand in Beijing in 1962 State Chairman Shaoqi denounced the Great Leap Forward as responsible for widespread famine, with a majority of delegates expressing agreement, but Defence Minister Biao staunchly defended Mao. A brief period of liberalization followed while Mao and Lin plotted a comeback. Liu and Deng Xiaoping rescued the economy by disbanding the peoples communes, introducing elements of private control of peasant smallholdings and importing grain from Canada and Australia to mitigate the worst cause of famine. Sectoral priorities during the Great Leap (heavy industry, light industry and then agriculture) are reversed, to produce more food (Riskin 1987). Private plots are re-established, limited markets are reopened, and modern inputs such as chemical fertilizers are emphasized (Barnett 1974, p.126). The economy shows signs of recovery in 1963, and by 1965 China regains the level of production reached in 1957 (USITC 1985, 11-25). ternion Five year Plan (1966-1969) tasks included developing agriculture to feed the populace and meet other basic needs (such as clothing) modify national defence (a priority given Chinese concerns of a dominance war) advancing technology developing infrastructure encouraging economic self-reliance. over again striving to expand his command over the Party, Mao orchestrates the Cultural Revolution. archean stages of the movement entail a struggle against the so called antiparty clique, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. Mao calls on the youth as Red Guards to spread revolutionary zeal. They make a specialty of a ttacking professionals and intellectuals, and wreak havoc on the educational system. Begun as a political struggle, the Cultural Revolution paralyzes normal life and throws the economy into turmoil.The Fourth Five Year Plan was more successful than anticipated, with the industrial and agricultural goals exceeded by 14.1% and industrial gross output value goals by 21.1%. Agricultural gains also exceeded goals, but more moderately, with a 2.2% rise above expectations. According to the Official Portal of the Chinese Government, however, the focus on accruement and rapid development in this and preceding plans were impediments to long-term economic development In September 1970, the Plan was drafted with such goals as maintaining an annual growth rate of 12.5% in industry and agriculture as well as specific budget allowances for infrastructure construction (130 billion yuan during the Plan). In 1973, some of the specific provisions of the plan were amended to lower the targets. only targets had been reached or surpassed by the end of 1973. China experienced a vibrant economy in the years 1972 and 1973.In conclusion, Maos five year plans, during his time as Chairman of the CPC, were not only enabled China to grow in terms of GDP, but enabled improved rates of literacy, improved living standards if only slightly, some elements of trade liberalisation occurred and a focus on agriculture was eventually made in order to develop food securities, there was some industrialisation and investment in infrastructure. The growth was mainly export-led as GDP per capita did not drastically increase, infrastructure investment rose to a level allowing China to uphold its ability to It therefore can be argued that although many millions of people suffered due to Mao, that China today has partly benefited from the Mao years, although I believe that if Mao had not been kept unaware of the view that arose in the Great Leap Forward years, that the suffering and deaths that occurre d could have been avoided.

The Advantages Of Renewable Energy Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

The Advantages Of renewable Energy Resources Environmental Sciences EssayThe fast growth of the world population leads to capacity demand on a rise especially in developing countries. In addition, referable to the hold in capability to append of non-renewable there argon a number of capacious challenges that argon posed to the population of the world. This situation leads to the risk of depletion of cheap fogy brawn and environsal pollution as healthful as mode change. check to Loir, there will probably be sufficient crude oil and gas for this century, and coal for 2 or more than(prenominal) (Loir .N 2007, p.843). Or Edwin Cartlidge reports the yearly come in consumption of competency sources by the world population is close to 1.41017 kWh, of which the proportion of the fossil susceptibility has accounted for 90% of the animation sources employ (Physics instauration 7/2007). Therefore, researchers around the world take a shit been constantly trying to risk s olutions to diversify might sources and reduce harmful emissions and greenho workout emissions into the environment and renewable talent sources have taken the spotlight. Thus, what is the renewable energy? The Oxford Dictionary () defines renewable energy as internal energy that flush toilet be used again and again and will never run out. There are four major types of renewable energy solar, hydro, tinge and ge early(a)mal energy.This makeup will discuss advantages and disadvantages that renewable energy resource (RES) brings, as well as analysis the importance of RES to the worlds future.2. Discussion of findings2.1 Advantages of renewable energy resources (RES)The use of renewable energy has many potential benefits, including human beings and environment.Firstly, hotshot of the most importantadvantages of renewable energyis that it is renewable. Essence of RES is parentage from natural processes so the energy is sustainable and never run out. Truly, renewable energy is re ally important and necessary to human beings when fossil fuels are more and more exhausted. With the never-ending supply of renewables, we would feel secure when having bulky supply of energy to last our planet, our human race and our economies, for generations and ever. Khemani (2011) says As ample as human life is there, there will be earth, sun, wind and water, and the energy from these sources will also be available as foresighted as they are there. With the abundance from many renewable resources and development of comprehension and technology, he strongly believes that renewable energy hindquarters meet the worlds energy of necessity today and tomorrow.Secondly, another benefit of renewable energy technologies is that ability of providing a measure of assurance of continued electricity supply at times when it otherwise might be threatened. In some circumstances, renewable energy technologies can be more reliable than other forms of electricity. For example, solar electri city systems can be used after storms for response and recovery. Renewable energy technologies untold(prenominal) as generators index fingered by photovoltaics (PV) can supply electricity if the grid fails. Often the sun comes out in the fast aftermath of a devastating storm. It can take weeks to repair the electricity grid and restore power to all customers. If battery storage is added to the system, it can supply electricity even after the sun goes down or through several cloudy or stormy days.Energy is postulate to stomach lighting, heating, air conditioning, cooking, transport and topowerall the technologies in the family lieu or business premises (Parker 2010)Moreover, renewable energy not hardly is regarded as an unlimited resource but also plays an important division to regional development. Renewable energy and energy efficiency can champion revitalize rural communities. For example, Wind turbines and solar panel systems can provide energy and provide rural communi ties with new tax revenue. Farmers on wordy lands can lease space to wind developers, earning thousands of dollars for distributively turbine every year. 1 of the greatest alternative energy benefits is that it is so much better for environment than the use offossil fuels that contribute heavily to issues such as sour rain, smog and global warming. On the contrary, renewable energy has little or no waste products such as vitamin C dioxide or other chemical pollutants. Renewable energy systems produce much lower vitamin C dioxide emissions as opposed to carbon-intensive fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas while they are being used only a small amount of fuel during the manufacturing of equipment (Walser 2012). With renewable energies, energy is usually converted from one form to another without the creation of pollutants. Chandler (2006) takes solar energy as example, light energy from the sun can be converted right away to electricity using photovoltaic without the p roduction of any pollutants like carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gasses. Similarly, wind power energy relies on moving air and converts it into electricity without polluting the environment. Therefore, it is open that the non-pollution or minimal impacts on environment are the positive advantages of renewable energy.2.2 Disadvantages of renewable energy resources (RES)Although it is obvious to recognize the human as well as environmental advantages of utilizing renewable forms of energy, we must also consider some limiting sides from the energy.The biggest disadvantage of renewable energy is that the cost of the energy is relatively higher than non-renewable energy. The initial be of renewable energy still make many people swerve it completely when comparing it with fossil fuel on two aspects total cost and over the same time period. For example, installation of solar energy water heater costs many times in compare with a heater, so they decided to buy heaters for hot water s olution. According Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) (2008) reported that turbine installation costs $ 47.5 one thousand million by contrast, we only have to spend a much little amount of money to build thermal power station well-nigh $ 2,25 billion (Shah 2011). He also pointed that other incidental costs such as maintenance costs and production costs cause worth increasing. Generally, it is price that the reason has prevented approaching and using clean energy as compared to the fossil fuel sources of energy.Another distinct disadvantage is relying too much on weather conditions and geographic locations to create energy (Sinclair 2011). Each types of renewable sources is just better suited to some places. This means that you cannot use each of these renewable sources in all locations. For instance, when using geo-thermal energy, you must be in a location that provides the environment for geo-thermal energy to be produced. Likewise, we cannot generate hydro-electric power without having a fast-flowing water source, such as a river or waterfall. In addition, the energy also brings some inconvenient problems. Take solar energy water heater as an example, it is inefficient because in summer close temperature are high and the use of hot water is not call for however, in the winter we could not have hot water due to low light of the sun.Shah (2011) claimed that despite the fact that most renewable energy sources are more environmentally friendly they may still have a negative impact on the environment. He stated that hydroelectricity projects can cause a dramatic change in the development of wildlife and ecosystem on the river and flood risks.2.3 Can renewable energy supply the Worlds energy needs?With the significant benefits from renewable energy, we cant deny that roles of it are more and more important. Nowadays, by advances and achievements of science and technology scientists are having every confidence in bright future of renewable energy. According to the report of TheIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2011, renewable sources occupied about 13 part of the worlds energy in 2008 and the proportion likely to have risen. The report also point out that within four decades renewable energycould account for almost 80% of the worldsenergy supply. The statistics are completely appeared in the near future if we combine four main alternative resources and use hydroelectric to fill in gaps, which makes easier to match demand. The most important subject is to combine renewable energy sources into a bundle (cited in BERGERON 2011).Particularly, in research (Edenhofer et al. 2011) shows that by 2050, geothermal energy could meet more than 3 per centum of global electricity demand and about 5 percent of the global heat demand, hydropower will contribute about 30 percent of worldwide electricity supply, wind power will grow to more than 20 percent and solar energy becomes one of the major sources of energy supply with about 1 5 percent.

Free Essays - The Merchant of Venice is Far from Perfect :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

Audens DystopiaThe merchant of Venice is Far from Perfect  In a blameless being, detestation would be without justice love would be totally innocent. However, utopias like that be n 1xistent thus, one can easily look around, like Auden, and exclaim, No hatred is totally without justification, no love is totally innocent. In The Merchant of Venice, there is an im spotless world, as well as a perfect world. The flawed world is the materialistic and bustling city of Venice. The impeccable world is the fairy-tale city of Belmont. Despite Belmonts perfection, a bit of justified hatred from Venice would malign its innocence. (Paradise lost.) Alas, as Auden suggests, there be no utopias. In Venice, time is of the essence. If one were to momentarily forget the real world, one would be trampled down by its massive stampede of events, bonds, et cetera constantly being do, ubiquitously in its domain. Shylock and Antonio are just one pair of culprits adding to the ultimate imperfe ction of Venice. However, the bond made between Shylock and Antonio sets them completely apart from the normal villainy dealings, If you retaliate me not on such a day... let the forfeit / Be nominated for an equal pound / Of your fair flesh, to be cut pip and taken... Act 1, Scene 3. A shrewd merchant, Antonio does not immediately agree to this. He first reasons it out Within these two months--thats a month forward / This bond expires--I do expect return / Of thrice three time the value of this bond. Act 1, Scene 3 If all goes well, our merchant of Venice would have no difficulties in paying Shylock back. However, not all goes well a eon after this bond, rumors on the Rialto suggest that Antonio has lost his fortunes at sea. With not teeming wealth to compensate for his due payment, Antonio is now in danger of losing a pound of his flesh, which in those days meant almost certain death.  In Belmonts tall peak, secluded from the merchants of Venice, time is a silhouette of the real world. Portia sits there pall and bored, waiting for the brave suitor who would agree to risk all for her. She is the perfect woman, wrought of both intelligence and beauty she is like a shuttle trapped in Wonderland. In addition to those materialistic qualities, she is also a faithful daughter. She dutifully holds true to her fathers dying wish and allows her suitors to be chosen by a lottery system.

Elizabeth Inchbald’s A Mogul Tale Essay -- Mughal Tale

Elizabeth Inchbalds A Mogul Tale The year 1784 found an enthusiastic young female playwright, Elizabeth Inchbald, sitting down to pen what would become her frontmost success as a writer humbly titled A Mogul Tale.11. The story involves what appears to be an outlandish plot, since it is a farce which revolves nearly a party of London piloters who accidentally land in the hareem of a great mogul22. But applied research finds that Mrs. Inchbald had indeed through her homework, for the dynasty of the Mughals (as modernity has changed the spelling) really did exist. In researching the great Mughal Dynasty in India, one finds that Inchbalds work appears to be less fantastic, and even more plausible as an event that could have, indeed, happened, although the thought that a primitive Eighteenth Century balloon would have probably not been able to fly the distance that Inchbalds work suggests. The Mughal Dynasty was a line of Muslim emperors who overlooked in India from 1526 to 1858.33 The line began with Babur as the first great Mughal emperor. He was a descendant of the Turkish conqueror Timur on his fathers side and of the Mongol (in Persian, mughal) conqueror Genghis Khan on his mothers side.44 Babur came to designer with the defeat of Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat.55 During his reign as the Mughal, Babur drawn-out his empire to Punjab and Bihar.66 Babur served as the Mughal for only four brief years, but he left his imprint on the whole of his empire for years to come. His reign came to an end in 1530 with his death, at which time he was succeeded by his give-and-take Humayun. Humayun reigned for only ten years before being defeated by Sher Shah, an Afghan who ruled north India for fifteen years in ... ...Web (http//rubens.anu.edu.au/student.projects/tajmahal/mughal.html)44 Lashkari.55 Deepali, Naren. The Mughal Dynasty online. 2003- cited 18 November 2003. Available on World long Web (http//www.geocities.com/narenp/ tale/h istory/mughal.htm)66 Deepali.77 Lashkari.88 Lashkari.99 Lashkari.1010 Deepali.1111 Lashkari.1212 Deepali.1313 Lashkari.1414 Lashkari.1515 Deepali.1616 Aurangzeb Alamgirs Reign. The Story of Pakistan online. 2003- cited 17 November 2003. Available on World Wide Web (http//www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A019)1717 Lashkari.1818 Deepali.1919 Lashkari.2020 Holt, P.M. The Mughals. A Dictionary of Eighteenth Century World History. Black, Jeremy and Roy Porter, eds. 1994. Oxford sweet basil Blackwell Ltd. 2121 Aurangzeb Alamgirs Reign.2222 Deepali.

Socialism and Irish Nationalism :: essays research papers

The 1913 Lockout was the culmination of several years of policy-making organisation and agitation among the unskilled working class, carried out in general through the Irish Transport Workers Union. The ITGWU had been founded by Larkin in 1909 specifically as a marriage ceremony of the unskilled, long deemed unorganisable by the official trade union movement. The open militancy of the ITGWU was a new departure in the bill of the Irish trade union movement and the organisation grew rapidly, from 4,000 members in 1911 to 10,000 by 1913. The ITGWU quickly came up against determined resistance from employers, the police and the British state. save some of the most vitriolic abuse and opposition to this manifestation of the independent organisation of the working class was expressed by Irish ultranationalistic organisations, not only the official Irish parliamentary (Home Rule) Party only if also by the more innate Sinn Fein movement led by Arthur Griffith. dapple James Connol ly declared the indivisibility of the of the struggle for Irish independence from the fight for socialist economy he was essentially a lone voice whose ideology, based on the application of Marxist principles to the Irish situation, was a radical break from the old two centuries of Irish nationalism which had laid the foundations for the collection of political beliefs that nonetheless dominate the discussion on the National Question.Irish nationalism, as it developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries was an eclectic mixture of aspects of various political doctrines, not necessarily of Irish origin, which were gradually amalgamated in divergent forms by the groups who adopted a policy of Irish independence. In the 1890-1910 effect at least four main nationalist organisations existed, these being the Irish Parliamentary Party, Sinn Fein, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Ancient Order of Hibernians. about these a series organisations, some officially non political had emerged such as the Gaelic Athletic Association, the Gaelic League and a number of bodies promoting cultural building and the Gaelic revival.The genesis of what can be broadly termed as Irish Nationalism emerged from the ideals of the United Irishmen and the failed rebellion of 1798. All of the above organisations active in the early 20th Century claimed a heritage that stemmed from the radical ideas propounded by Wolfe Tone and his supporters in the 1790s, Sinn Fein and the IRB more so than the Irish Parliamentary Party or the Ancient Order of Hibernians.

Delegation of Tasks as a Manager Essay examples -- How To Delegate Eff

Objective Identifying what excogitate you want done The main economic consumption of delegation is to go away the job done by someone else so that you, the manager, have more time for other, more difficult, occupations. To effectively delegate, you must divulge the entire authority of the task to the provide share you have selected to get the job done. This means not only reading instructions and fill up out paperwork, but also the decision making and changes which rely upon current information. The faculty fraction should be able to stag decisions, whether respectable or bad, without referring back to the manager. By leaving the decisions to the delegated staff member, they function their take knowledge and initiative. The three key points to consider when delegating a task are1) They know what you want done- Explain the task clearly and make convinced(predicate) that you are understood.2) They have the authority to achieve it- the selected staff member has the necessary abilities to do the job properly.3) They know how to do it- the selected staff member has the necessary knowledge, or can obtain the knowledge, to do the job. Support the staff member without being overbearing. Allow the designated staff member to make their proclaim decisions, but to feel reassured that you are there if you are needed, and suppose to keep an open mind. Chances are, the staff member is not going to pinpoint the assignment exactly the same way you would complete it. Their way may even end up being a more businesslike way of getting the job done Above all, make sure that you acknowledge and praise their efforts. Information Implementing a Communication System To be successful, staff inescapably frequent communication with each othe... ... task that needs to be performed, and the expectations of the completed project. They must be able to communicate with the staff member, and leave the lines of commun ication open. A workable way to do this is to excogitation formalized meeting and scheduling times. They must know how to judge outcomes and use small mistakes or failures as learning tools upon which to grow. Finally, the manager must be willing and able to recognize achievements and congratulate on a job well done. Works CitedBlair, G. The Art of Management The Essential Skills. Published by Chartwell Bratt. 2010 Culp, W. Journal of Management in Engineering Steps of Effective delegation. January 2014, Page 30 Jenks, J. and Kelly, J. Dont Do, Delegate. Published by Bridles Ltd. 1986 Wright, R. (1996) beyond Time Management Business with a Purpose. Butterworth-Heineman

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Teachers Education Essays

article of faith Philosophy Statement Education is an experience that will contribute to each aspects of ones future. The process of that experience is a long advance that should be a positive era in ones life. Receiving an education should be an enjoyable experience, one in which when you look stern and reflect on it you feel that your time was well spent receiving it. A psyche should learn how to think critically and for them self. They should learn to be an soulfulness not always comply to other peoples opinions. A philosophy of education should be established so that one whitethorn understand and articulate the decisions made in the school and sectionrooms. The overall conception of education is to not only to prepare children intellectually but in like manner emotionally, socially, and physically for the world that awaits them. It is important that students develop in these areas of maturation. In right aways society almost every job requir es some salmagundi of education. As an educator I hope to connect with students and motivate them to achieve such an education. I hope that my students learn to appreciate the benefits of physical fitness and in addition learn that it can be fun, as well as challenging. I am majoring in k-12 Physical Education and Athletic Training. I plan to teach at the high school level season to a fault serving as the schools Athletic Trainer. Idecided to also be a physical education teacher because I neediness to connect with the children not only through athletics but also through the classroom. I want to be not only a teacher but also a positive role moulding for the children, someone they can come to in a time of need. Since my classroom will more than likely be in a lycee I will not be able to determine how it is grade up. However, I will be able to determine where the children sit during class time. The children will be in lines parallel to each other for reaching before activity begins. Each week a new person will come to the front of each line to lead the stretches, and the person that was at the front the week before will go to the back.

Attitude is a Learned Behavior Essay -- Psychology Essays

Attitude is a Learned doingsAttitude is a reckoned behavior that slew be changed ground on the individuals choice and wiliness to change. The Websters New World mental lexicon defines attitude in three different ways first is a bodily posture showing mood or action, second is a manner showing ones feeling or thoughts and trinity is ones disposition. In General Attitudes are the feelings and thoughts you fool well-nigh yourself and how you interact with other people. Attitude plays apart of everything in societys life, from taking your first steps, going to high school, choosing a college, getting a job and choosing a mate. If attitude makes us who we are, gives us our character, then the unbelief I purpose to you is, can you really get an attitude valuation reserve or is our attitude defined at birth?For centuries, people have been intrigued with the question of what is human about human nature. How much of peoples characteristics and attitudes comes from nature (heredit y, unable to change) or how much is from nurture (the social environment, relate with others) and the ability to change. It is for certain that physical and mental abilities are established by heredity, such as ability at sports and mathematics. As well as the color of your eyes, the size of your nose and your mothers freckles. While such basic orientations to life, like your attitude, are the result of the environment one lives in and thus fore can be changed.So, what about the nurture perspective of the equation, or the environment that gives us our attitude? Culture is a musical arrangement of ideas about the nature of the world and how people should behave in it that it sharesand overlap uniquelyby members of a community, that continually judges ones actions, hen... ... that attitude can be changed or at least influenced by our environment. Our attitude is a learned behavior that can be changed by the individuals choice to make that change. I agree that a persons attitud e begins with their own personal feelings, values, and beliefs, but the knowledge of the values and norms of our civilization also can define who we can be or should be. later on all, if a person couldnt change their attitude, then how could they grow and learn or just simply adapt to ones environment. For some parts of life, the shape is drawn by heredity but for other parts, the individual is a blank slate, and it is entirely up to the individual to change what is written on that slate. You alone can make your density great by doing on simple thing getting an attitude adjustment. Attitude is your life, yours affects everybody and everybodys affects you.

Changing Roles Essay examples -- essays research papers

The contemporary American family is one that shows a picture perfect lifestyle of happiness and normalcy, simply this normalcy can be challenged by anything. The present war our earth is engaged in is one factor that has changed the lives of many families since it began. Husbands, sons, and sometimes purge mothers and daughters are expiration their homes to oppose in the war with Iraq. If the traditional American family consists of a husband, wife, and two or more children living in suburbia, my family could once study easily represented it. However, when our country went to war, my dads military-career transferred him cat valiums of miles across the ocean disrupting nigh e precise aspect of our once, boney perfect household. Most of my life I have had a really comfortable, no worries lifestyle. I was raised by twain my parents in a nice home just fall out side of a pretty thumping city we lived there al close to eleven years of my life until we locomote to a bigger h ome in a different side of town. My mama became pregnant after we moved into our new house and we in brief celebrated the arrival of my sister. After my sister was born our family seemed to change in some ways. I noticed my parents were becoming more involved with both of our schools and doing more parental things. Both of my parents really settled down what shrimpy wild youthfulness was still left inside of them our family was becoming very contemporary and more of the picturesque family most view as normal. My mom didnt work, but rather stayed home and did the housewife thing enchantment raising my sister and I. My dad has a job in the military, which very much times calls him to placed around the country for a few age at a time but never for long. I call in the day I open out my dad had to leave for Iraq. It struck me with different emotions. I was sad for my dad and our family, but I was excessively shocked because I had never thought this was going to happen to me, to my family. My mom did not take it well. She was very upset because my dad was going to have to leave. Although we knew that my dad, being in the position he is in, would probably avoid much combat, we were still scared, angry and confused as to why this was happening to us. We understand that our country needed my dad, but at that moment it was hard to set out much patriotism.We had a few weeks left before my dad left. We didnt know when he was coming back or what all he w... ...e able to come home. It was an unexpected but wonderful surprise. When my dad returned things almost immediately went back to the way they were when he was around, which was good, but at the similar time my mom was doing things that she had really never done before. This change in my mom continued even when my dad was back. He had some pain in the neck at first adjusting to my moms new career, but everything worked out okay. The experience I had with my dad loss is one that many families face. non every family is as lucky, being so that their father leaves the family to go fight in a war or for some other reason, most are just deadbeats and leave for their own personal reasons. My dad leaving at first turned our family upside down, throwing what we had always known into something all in all different, but as time wore on we came to realize that things would be okay. We grew to evaluate that this experience was difficult, but out of it came positive things. My dads leaving challenged my moms role as a simple housewife, which then challenged my mom to take over our household. She raised us alone, got a job, and found more self-confidence within herself. My familys change did a stage set of good.

America Dream Essay :: essays research papers fc

Galvez, PeterEnglish 20 I HAVE A romanceI have a twenty-four hours- ideate that my four children will peerless day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin that by the heart and soul of their character. I have a dream today. (MLK) These are the words of Martin Luther pouf himself. In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. said that he too had a dream, and I would consider it a great view of the American fantasy. But, what if his dream was something tot totallyy different than some wholeness elses dream? Is the American fancy different than it use to be, or is it changing? These are questions that we must all ask ourselves as we live here in America. I swear that education, business, and technology are major aspects that drive the American Dream, and that the American Dream is changing for the worst for middle and lower class Americans.My mom is one of the people that I interviewed asking her about her opinion of the American Dream. She grew up in Ni caragua and came to the United States by herself, because of the war that was happening there. When she arrived to the United States she still had four hundred Galvez 2dollars. She was able to survive on her ingest and her view of coming to America was something that I found in reality interesting. I remember coming to the United States looking to live a discover life and stick by a good education. Back them all the schools really focused on attendance and everyone would want to go to school to learn. zippo would go there to show off his or her clothes or see who had the nicer car. I notice that in todays nightspot there is a lot of kids that are dropping out and only go to school for the social aspect. (Gladys Galvez) This makes me really put education as one of the top priorities in life. Without an education you will never be successful in life. Many people want to go to college and get a high paying job, or maybe one day being a millionaire. With out school you will neve r be able to get anywhere in life, and most aspects of a persons dream would be crushed. We give children a false comfort and reassurance that they can be whatever they want to be. Little boys grow up dreaming of professional baseball and little girls may dream of dancing in the ballet, but these dreams will most likely never come true referable to their given situations.

An Analysis Of The Video Like A Prayer By Madonna :: essays research papers

An Analysis of the Video "Like A supplication" by MadonnaMadonna first arrived in the national familiar culture in 1984 withher song "Borderline". She moved very readily in the ensuing yearsto make several records (many of which have asleep(p) multi-platinum)and to take several world tours with sold-out concerts, and hascaused quite a mo of controversy in what she has done in thepublic eye. Examples include session nude for Penthouse magazine(and announcing afterwards that she was not ashamed for doing it),marrying (and subsequently divorcing) worker and media-avoider SeanPenn, creating a fashion trend (which was primarily popular withteenage girls), and making truly atrocious movies which thecritics hated and the people refused to see (the only twoexceptions are Dick Tracy and Truth or Dare, her controversial yet enthralling self-documentary about her tour of the same name). Itseems that Madonna seems to enjoy attention, good or bad, and itseems like she fee ds on her own controversy. Her songs, and the unison depictions which accompany them, are no exception to this.However, the things she does and the images she projects requestscontemporary society to reflect on itself, and to possibly meet itself in innovative and inventive styles. Perhaps shealways breaks with convention because she sees things in adifferent light than the rest of society. This es joint shall focuson the video which accompanies the title track from her 1989album, "Like A Prayer," which certainly had its serving ofcontroversy.Probably the most startling image in the music video was that ofseveral burning crosses on a lawn or a hill. These crosses were inthe background, while Madonna was facing the camera and singing.When I saw the music video for the first time, this particularsection of the video made me amaze up and intently watch mytelevision screen. The first things I purview about were, "Shes avery outspoken woman for doing this Boy, shes got a galvanic pile ofnerve I believe she was raised Catholic, and shes making a farce comedy of the Catholic Church by doing so The Pope would beoffended, to say the least" The radical approach to dispose ofany religion (or a persons religious or pious fervor) is at leastshocking. The cross is the figure of Christianity and all itstands for. Seeing the cross engulfed in fire -- which symbolizes(and is) a ravaging force -- would be very disturbing foranyone to see, Christian or not. I sat up and took notice, and Imnot even Christian -- I am Jewish. Furthermore, the fact that

Southwest :: essays research papers

Changes in greet and efficiencyThe situation today in the air lane sedulousness is basically a price/cost war. Companies are battling to cut and bound their operating cost low in order to remain warlike in an industry that is strongly driven by price. The principal cost factors that drive the industry are confinement and fuel. In terms of comminute Neeleman, Jetblues CEO, said that The biggest problem in the industry isnt pay, its puzzle out rules. Labor cost accounts for the 38% of the overall operating cost of an airline company. Depending on the system that a company uses, its exertion cost and labor necessity will vary. The point-to-point systems requires less personnel and the aircraft is less time on the ground, and more in the air, being able to flight more quantify that those aircrafts flying under the hub-and-spoke system. The first system is widely apply by the new low-cost carriers, while the hub-and-spoke is very exemplary of the traditional airlines (Appendi x 1). Moreover, labor cost is rising, which increases the overall cost per seat (Wright, family line 8, 2003). In terms of labor efficiency, low-cost carriers are reducing labor or either by e-ticketing or by doing what Southwest states on their contracts, any qualified employee can perform any function (load, unload, cleaning, etc) as needed (Thompson.2005). The second, most important factor that determines the cost structure in the industry is fuel cost. It is said that for one-dollar increase in the price of a fuel barrel, is costs the industry a billion a family (Tang, C. April 11, 2005). Moreover, in the future, the price of fuel is expected to continue increasing, what will concentrate even more profit margins. What other companies have done to abase their cost is to eliminate meals. Instead, in short flights, snacks are served to the passengers, and in long-distance ones, costumers are allowed to bring food with them or buy it on board.

Motivational Plan Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

motivational PlanTo-A-Tee Screen-Printing is a local t-shirt manufacturing company located here, in Las Vegas, Nevada. This organization provides t-shirt, sweatshirt, and sports hat solutions primarily to retail businesses. The Auto Grill smoke recently sold the To-A-Tee print snitch to a local fillet of sole proprietor. Previously, the print shops directives were handed down from the corporate office such as how much profit they had to budget for, the types of designs and styles offered by To-A-Tee, and the company policies and procedures that were written for their primary(prenominal) locations, retail shops. In addition, the corporate office utilized the print shop for production for its own retail shops rather than endeavoring to clients outside the company.With the purchase of To-A-Tee, the untested owner has the responsibility of improving the business by pursuing ideas, technologies, and procedures that were at sea while belonging to the fully grownr retail chain. This print shop was a very small entity of a very large corporation and its positivity did non warrant the requisition of expensive equipment for the new technologies in screen-printing. To-A-Tee has a diverse work might who offers a wealth of experience that they bring from otherwise shops, vendor trade shows, and seminars that they have either worked for or attended. Unfortunately, these employees have not been allowed to implement the knowledge and skills they bring because of the strict nature of the corporations directives. Generally, these employees are unhappy because the shop never got the attention it deserved from the large corporation. With this in mind, the new owner and manager must implement a motivational plan to build the employee morale to improve the business of the shop. The source step in this plan is to be a leader to these peck rather than having them report to a manager. Providing leadership to the company plays an measurable piece in motivating t he employees to provide higher levels of production. Although this is one of the most important impacting factors, it leave behind be the leadenest to implement. The new managers role is to show optimism and determination. Implementing these traits in the managers casual business will show that the manager herself is willing to work hard to achieve the final goals. The manager must walk and talk these traits so that she is believable... ...s. Each department has a lot to offer in collection to reduce costs and increase productivity. Moreover, establish groups to increase efficiencies even further. A measurement of the success of the business is the number of shirts that are printed in an hour. For a start, the obvious goal here is to not have to change out jobs as often. Each job requires new screens to be set-up and new sign prepared for the colors of the new design. This can lead to the sales force creating a strategy to go after the large accounts for example, Cas inos that sell or use a high volume of shirts in their gift shops.The make to creating and keeping momentum from the employees is good leadership. If the new manager consistently exhibits the characteristics meaty to a great leader, the employees will begin to trust the leadership and will strive to provide support to this leadership. The new manager must not demonstrate fear or hesitation in decisions to avoid ill or to keep from making mistakes. It is important that once the plan is entirely established and implemented, that the leader stay focused on providing the energy, ideas and idea generation, responsiveness, control, and success.